Background: COVID-19, a global pandemic, has profound public health impacts. Beyond acute illness, many recovered patients suffer long-term pulmonary complications that impair quality of life and daily activities. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of clinical and imaging evidence related to pulmonary outcomes in patients recovered from COVID-19 and to assess the role of pulmonary rehabilitation in improving respiratory function and quality of life.
Materials and Methods: In this narrative review, a search was performed up to April 2025 across databases including Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, SID, CIVILICA, and Google Scholar. Keywords in Persian and English, such as “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “pulmonary outcomes,” “post-COVID complications,” and “pulmonary rehabilitation,” were used with Boolean operators. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts, selecting eligible studies according to predefined inclusion criteria.
Results: Patients recovering from COVID-19 commonly experience persistent pulmonary complications, including sustained dyspnea, chronic fatigue, and significant reductions in lung function parameters such as diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and forced vital capacity (FVC). High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) frequently reveals structural lung abnormalities—fibrotic changes, interstitial thickening, and ground-glass opacities—especially in those with severe acute disease. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs incorporating respiratory muscle training, aerobic exercise, and symptom management have demonstrated significant improvements in respiratory function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life. However, challenges persist in customizing individualized rehabilitation plans, managing post-exertional symptom exacerbations, and addressing psychological support needs. Additionally, limited access to rehabilitation services and lack of standardized protocols hinder wider implementation.
Conclusion: Patients recovering from COVID-19 frequently experience persistent pulmonary complications and structural lung changes. Pulmonary rehabilitation enhances respiratory function and quality of life but requires personalized care, symptom management, and psychological support. Limited access and lack of standardized protocols hinder progress, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies and further research.