SinaWebHealth Providers2820-91922220220901COVID-19 Vaccine Injection Technique and Considerations for Health Providers495215540810.22034/hp.2022.355133.1021ENShokofeh MasoudiDepartment of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20220827Appropriate vaccine administration is essential to achieve optimal safety and efficacy in vaccination. It is necessary to administer the vaccine to the correct site and use the appropriate injection technique. Injecting too far to the side of the arm or too low on the arm risks tearing into the axillary or the radial nerve. This can cause burning or shooting pain during the procedure and lead to nerve damage (neuropathy/paralysis). The COVID-19 vaccine should be injected into the deltoid muscle in the upper arm in its central and thickest portion. If the muscle mass in the area of the deltoid is insufficient or for a particular reason the deltoid muscle is unsuitable, the alternative can be the injection into the vastus lateralis muscle in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. Injection technique, choice of needle length and gauge (diameter), and injection site are important considerations as they can affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine and the risk of local reactions at the injection site. https://www.health-providers.ir/article_155408_0e4e5f94de0bf57ac4ea4440880b3558.pdfSinaWebHealth Providers2820-91922220220901Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome and its Related Factors among Healthcare Staffs: A Systematic Review536315271610.22034/hp.2022.349479.1016ENHaniyeh NikpourOccupational Medicine Specialist, Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-0118-947XShima ImannezhadPediatric Neurologist, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-5537-2763Maryam Soleimani HouniStudent Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Zahra RajabzadehDepartment of Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.Mahdieh JafariAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-1416-196XJournal Article20220628<strong><em>Background: </em></strong>People working in health environments are exposed to many serious risks and injuries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of burnout syndrome and its related factors among Iranian healthcare staff.<br /><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong> In this systematic review, a systemic search of online databases (Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, SID, CIVILICA, Magiran, and Google Scholar search engine) was conducted for relevant studies with no time limit up to February 2022. Two reviewers evaluated the quality of eligible studies and carried out the selection procedure. The quality of the information was evaluated using the STROBE positioning guidelines.<br /><strong><em>Results</em></strong>: Finally, 16 studies were included. 85.5% of the healthcare staff (ranged: 32-85.5%) suffered moderate burnout. Also, 55.3% of staff had high emotional exhaustion (EE), 90.5% high depersonalization (DP), and 98.9% low personal achievement (PA) scores. High scores in EE and DP and low scores in PA are indicative of high burnout. There was a significant direct correlation between occupational burnout with age, gender, marital status, type of employment, financial problems, disease history, educational degree, place of work, and work experience (P<0.05). Also, there was a significant reverse correlation between occupational burnout and income satisfaction (P=0.01, r=-0.19), quality of life (P˂0.001), EE (P= 0.001), job satisfaction (P<0.001, r=-0.46), and job performance (P=0.000, r=-0.249).<br /><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The high prevalence of burnout in the healthcare staff (85.5%) necessitates measures such as the implementation of leisure and educational programs and stress management workshops.https://www.health-providers.ir/article_152716_fa06d513813e7757b56611a8e8f7102a.pdfSinaWebHealth Providers2820-91922220220901The Epidemiological Pattern of Childhood Injuries and Accidents among Iranian Children: A Systematic Review657515611110.22034/hp.2022.339695.1022ENSeyedeh Mozhgan HeidariPediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Maryam NaseriFellowship of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-8420-0485Hossein AkhavanAssistant Professor of Pediatric Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-9516-5013Masumeh RafieePediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Mahsa RajaeiAnesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Anis PouyanfarAnesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Shirvan, Iran.0000-0001-5729-1484Journal Article20220905<strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Injuries caused by accidents are the primary causes of disability, permanent deformities, and death in children.<strong> </strong>This study aimed to determine the epidemiological pattern of childhood accidents and injuries and their related factors among Iranian children.<br /><br /><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong>: In this systematic review, a systemic search of online databases (Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CIVILICA, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar search engine) was conducted for related studies with no time limit up to June 2022, using the related Mesh keywords. Two reviewers evaluated the quality of eligible studies and carried out the selection procedure.<br /><br /><strong><em>Results</em></strong>: Nine studies (from 2005 to June 2022) with an overall sample size of 20,591 were selected.<strong> </strong>Of the total accidents,<strong> </strong>70% occurred at home. The highest incidence of accidents among children was between 16% and 40%, and the mean age of accident victims was 2.5±1.5 years, with the highest in boys (59.4%). The most frequent causes of accidents were traffic accidents (53.4%), followed by physical injury (50.7%), falling (44.3%), and swallowing (22%). Also, 93.3% of accidents occurred in urban areas. There was a significant relationship between gender, age, type of house, place of accident, parental higher education, season, and injury types (p< 0.05).<strong> </strong><br /><br /><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The results showed that 70% of accidents for children happened at home. The most frequent accident was traffic accidents, followed by physical injury, falling, and swallowing. It appears that almost all home accidents can be prevented by education.<strong> </strong>Therefore,<strong> </strong>developing educational and preventive policies is essential to achieve better standards of road transportation and reduce home accidents and injuries in Iran.https://www.health-providers.ir/article_156111_237c46f874d89b987e3dd90e25b2b131.pdfSinaWebHealth Providers2820-91922220220901Factors Affecting the Maternal Mortality in different Areas of Iran: A Systematic Review779315657010.22034/hp.2022.361682.1024ENAnis PouyanfarAnesthesiologist, Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Shirvan, Iran.0000-0001-5729-1484Molood BolourianPediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-5696-0874Benyamin FazliAssistant Professor of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.Masumeh GhazanfarpourDepartment of Midwifery, Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Maryam SabaghianMSc of Biophysics, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.0000-0003-4387-590XFahimeh ShakeriMSc of Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.Journal Article20220911<strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Lowering the maternal death rate is the goal of many health organizations worldwide. The present study aimed to investigate the factors affecting maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in different regions of Iran.<br /><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong>: In this systematic review, a systemic search of online databases (Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CIVILICA, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar search engine) was conducted for related studies with no time limit up to July 2022, using the related Mesh keywords. Two reviewers evaluated the quality of eligible studies and carried out the selection procedure.<br /><strong><em>Results</em></strong>: A total of 21 related studies were selected. The total maternal mortality rate for the studied period ranged from 15.8 (Tehran city) to 384 (Sistan and Baluchestan province) per 100.000 live births. According to the WHO, the MMR in Iran has decreased from 123 to 25 deaths per 100,000 live births between 1990 and 2018. The most common causes of death were bleeding (43.7%), preeclampsia/eclampsia (24.5%), hypertensive disorders (24%), and embolus (22.8%). There was a significant relationship between maternal deaths and pre-pregnancy care, disease during pregnancy, delivery type, maternal education level, maternal age, requiring special care, delivery agent, birth location, maternal socio-economic status, and the time between two pregnancies (p<0.05).<br /><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The results showed that maternal mortality rates varied from 15.8 to 384 per 100,000 live births. Although Iran has had a successful record in reducing the maternal mortality rate, there is still a recognizable disparity in MMR among provinces that should be addressed. The most common causes of maternal death were hemorrhage, preeclampsia/eclampsia, hypertensive disorders, and embolus.https://www.health-providers.ir/article_156570_5391a07ae613c85afb457cb3d544551f.pdfSinaWebHealth Providers2820-91922220220901Prevalence and Risk Factors of Malnutrition among Primary School Children in Iran: A Systematic Review9510715716910.22034/hp.2022.362440.1025ENSaeed MohammadiPediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-9360-8861Molood BolourianPediatrician, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-5696-0874Mohaddeseh BadpeymaStudent Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.0000-0001-8150-8997Mona NasiriAssistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0002-2013-4749Anahita Alizadeh GhamsariAssociate Professor, Fellowship of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Clinical Toxicology, MTRC Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashed University of Medical Sciences, Mashed, Iran.0000 0001 84411197Samaneh MovahediniaKerman University Of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.Journal Article20220916<strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Malnutrition is a serious threat to children’s health and the primary cause of childhood mortality in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of malnutrition among Iranian primary school children.<br /><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong>: In this systematic review, a systemic search of online databases (Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CIVILICA, SID, and Google Scholar search engine) was conducted for related studies with no time limit up to June 2022. Two reviewers evaluated the quality of eligible studies and carried out the selection procedure.<br /><strong><em>Results</em></strong>: Twelve related studies were selected. The prevalence of malnutrition based on weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height were 46.6% (underweight, 3.2-46.6%), 36.9% (stunting, 3-36.9%), and 53.3% (wasting, 3.7-53.3%), respectively. The logistic regression analyses showed that the risk of malnutrition in rural areas was 1.34 times that of urban areas, in girls 1.17 times more than boys, in the Sistani ethnic group 1.82 times more than Fars-native ethnic group, and in low-income families 2.01 times more than high-income families. Thinness was significantly higher in public schools than in private schools. There was a statistically significant relationship between the consumption of snacks and the wasting of schoolchildren. Birth weight, parental education, father’s height, father’s job, family income, and maternal age were the main contributing factors to malnutrition in schoolchildren (p<0.05).<br /><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The prevalence of malnutrition in Iranian schoolchildren in the Sistan and Balochistan, Kerman, and Kurdistan provinces was relatively high in terms of wasting, stunting, and being underweight. The risk of malnutrition was high in rural areas, girls, Sistani ethnic groups, and low-income families.https://www.health-providers.ir/article_157169_9034be0a1bed5f5d92f2bb9378880127.pdfSinaWebHealth Providers2820-91922220220901The Relationship between the Physical Literacy of Adolescents and Information Acquisition Sources of Physical Activity10911918035510.22034/hp.2023.418463.1042ENMansoure Alipour-AnbaraniDepartment of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-9563-7383Mohtasham GhaffariDepartment of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Ali MontazeriHealth Metric Research Center, Iranian Institute of Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.Amir KavousiHealth Promotion Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Ali RamezankhaniHealth Promotion Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.0000-0002-3109-1641Journal Article20230928<strong><em>Background: </em></strong>Physical literacy can consciously support a healthy lifestyle. Adolescents use the Internet, parents, physical education specialists (e.g., sports club coaches and school physical education teachers), and friends to obtain information on physical activity. The purpose of this study is to determine the physical literacy of adolescents according to information acquisition sources of physical activity.<br /><strong><em>Materials and Methods</em></strong>: In this cross-sectional study, 510 Iranian adolescents aged 16 to 18 years from Tehran high schools were selected by random sampling in the 2021 academic year. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with two parts: general characteristics and the physical literacy of adolescents 16 to 18 years. The questionnaire contained 34 items across four dimensions: information acquisition skill, information comprehension skill, information assessment skill, and self-care skill. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16.0).<br /><strong><em>Results</em></strong>: The 510 adolescents in the study consisted of 256 girls (50.2%), and 254 boys (49.8%). The mean physical literacy score was 72.32±13.98 for male adolescents, and 71.15±15.42 for female adolescents and did not show a significant difference (p = 0.370). The one-way ANOVA test did not show a significant difference between the mean score of physical literacy and age groups (p = 0.448), but showed that adolescents who referred to the club coach for information had higher physical literacy (75.52±14.84, p = 0.004).<br /><strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Adolescents who asked their gym coach for information on physical activity had a higher physical literacy score, indicating the confidence of teenagers in using the information from experts.https://www.health-providers.ir/article_180355_95a09da2984dd4fe097b587af3eff16e.pdf